Contexts Dependent Approach For Participation - 818 Words

1. Contexts-dependent approach for participation Andrà © et al. (2006) recommends the EIA process should be supportive to participants, well planned and focused on negotiable issues. These principles are more critical when dealing with the local communities in which the major projects would take place, as it will impact their livelihoods and their socio-cultural circumstances. Therefore, the participation of local communities during EIA should take into account their local values beyond the factual evidence (Bond et al. 2004, p.622). Engaging local communities in EIA must be context-oriented, open and transparent in order to achieve real outcomes (Andrà © et al., 2006, p. 3). Context-oriented approach must be emphasized because many communities, especially within the diverse country like Indonesia, have their own rules, culture and social norms to environment protections. Thus, EIA process must be adapted into the social-cultural contexts of impacted communities (Andrà © et al., 2006, p. 3). These circumstances would mean that culturally appropriate methods must be used. This is also the case for EIA involving local indigenous population, as maintains by several authors that the current EIA do not engage indigenous communities meaningfully (O’Fairchaellaigh, 2009; Aslin et al. 2013). The latest controversy can also be found in the Benoa Bay Project in Bali Province, where the EIA process neglects the local wisdom and not culturally sensitive by design (Nurhayati 2013; LangenheimShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Latin American Underdevelopment By J. Samuel Valenzuela And Arturo Valenzuela908 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Modernization and Dependency: Alternative Perspectives in the Study of Latin American Underdevelopment† by J. 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Gullivers Supposed English Superiority Essay - 1288 Words

Gullivers Supposed English Superiority Gulliver’s typical Anglocentric Enlightenment views are best exemplified in Chapter 1 of Part IV of Gulliver’s Travels. The long paragraph, in which he describes his encounter with the Yahoos as well as the circumstances leading up to it, illustrates the climax of his Anglocentric views, after which his English pride begins to gradually degenerate and his desire to emulate the Houyhnyms arises. His English pride in this paragraph is demonstrated by his resolution to trade his life with the local â€Å"Savages† using â€Å"Toys† as his only means, his judgment of the Yahoo’s lack of comprehensive language ability, and his ever-present disgust for bodily functions. As the passage opens,†¦show more content†¦Due to his sense of Enlightenment superiority, Gulliver does not even entertain the possibility that his life actually is as insignificant as the Toys which he plans on trading for it. Ironically, as his pride degenerates into a hatred for his own race, Gulliver indeed starts to believe in the insignificance of human life. After Gulliver considers his options, he inspects the island and observes a species of animals whom he likens at different points in the paragraph to goats, squirrels, monsters, cattle and beasts. It is no wonder then, that later when Gulliver reveals that these creatures are human beings, that his reader is surprised. He describes their shapes as â€Å"Singular and deformed†¦.their Skins were of a brown Buff colour.† Perhaps one reason Gulliver does not initially see any resemblance between himself and the Yahoos is because they are not white; perhaps his Anglocentric ideal does not permit any color but white to be acknowledged as his equal. What seems certain, however, is the fact that Gulliver feels an immediate antipathy to the Yahoos because they show no indication of having a rational language. In watching them, he does not see them speak to each other and this alienates him because as we see in each voyage, it is imperative to Gulliver that he learn the languag e of the peoples he encounters, from the Lilliputians to the Brobdingnagians. As with all his journeys, he wants to find inhabitants that he mayShow MoreRelatedThe dictionary definition of satire is the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose1100 Words   |  5 Pagestalked about the English and Irish people’s poor approaches to the situation. Swift then mocked them all by suggesting that people sell and eat their children to fix the situation. A solution that would have been beneficial to both parties. Swift had many satirical pieces similar to A Modest Proposal, but none are as well known as his 1726 classic tale Gulliver’s Travels. In Swift voiced his opinions by describing the vices, of society through a man named Lemuel Gulliver. Gulliver, the main characterRead MoreAnalysis Of Gulliver s Travels By Jonathan Swift1470 Words   |  6 Pages(represented by Yahoos) and horses (represented by Houyhnhnms). Although Swift’s novel is completely fiction and does not prove anything it shows us that there are people out there who see the characteristics shared between human and animals. When Gulliver comes across two Houyhnhnms they begin â€Å"neighing several times by turns and varying the sound† (Swift IV Chapter 4 page 3). This scene represents the highly controversial topic of whether animals possess the skill to communicate articulately withRead MoreFor Against by L.G. Alexander31987 Words   |  128 PagesAural/Oral Exercises READING AND WRITING ENGLISH-A First Year Programme for Children LOOK, LISTEN AND LEARNl Sets 1-4 An Integrated Course for Children New Concept English Uniform with this Volume: FIRST THINGS FIRST: An Integrated Course for Beginners PRACTICE AND PROGRESS: An Integrated Course for Pre-Intermediate Students DEVELOPING SKILLS: An Integrated Course for Intermediate Students FLUENCY IN ENGLISH: An Integrated Course for Advance Students New Concept English in two Volume edition FIRST THINGS

Critical Study of Alcohol and Hepatocytes Cell Necrosis Free Essays

Introduction The tissue shows vast inflammation, there are large gaps in between the hepatocytes due to cell necrosis and the hepatocytes remaining are large and swollen. There are fatty deposits throughout the tissue and fibrous structures present which are most likely collagen. The hepatocytes themselves are not only swollen but have the presence of globular material within. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Study of Alcohol and Hepatocytes Cell Necrosis or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is identified as Mallory bodies, seen in cases of alcoholic hepatitis. These globules are aggregates of intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm which have resulted from hepatocyte injury. Neutrophils can be seen in the sample which is the likely cause of inflammation. These would have been called to the tissue due to the necrosis of the hepatocytes and the presence of cellular debris within the lobules [1]. An infiltration of macrophages can be seen which would also be due to the debris present. The first stage of alcoholic liver disease is the increase of fatty deposits in the liver. Heavy alcohol consumption causes the production of large fatty globules a process known as macrovesicular steatosis collecting in the liver cells. Ethanol consumed is metabolised by alcohol dehydrase in the mitochondria into toxic acetaldehyde which is metabolised by aldehyde dehydrogenase into acetic acid [1][2][3]. The production of acetaldehyde causes a higher NADH: NAD ratio which is the main mechanism in the development of this condition. This NADH production causes increase in lipogenesis and a decrease in fatty acid oxidation. The higher levels of fatty acids signal the hepatocytes to compound glycerol into triglycerides [3]. This is seen in the first stage of liver damage known as alcoholic hepatitis [2]. Excess alcohol intake can also cause hepatocyte injury via oxidative stress from increased NADH production in which free radicals damage the hepatocytes (increased production by the k upffer cells); and from lipid peroxidation where acetylhyde binds to proteins forming adducts [1]. This binding triggers humoral and cellular immune responses resulting in tissue injury. There is an increase in pro inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor and interleukin -6 and a decrease in anti inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin -4 [1]. These cytokines in particularly TNF are secreted by the kupffer cells (macrophages) located in the liver. They’re activated by the increased levels of endotoxin released from the breakdown of alcohol by intestinal bacteria; this binds to the CD14 receptor on their surface initiating response. The release of these cytokines leads to the hepatic stellate cells producing increased levels of collagen which leads to liver fibrosis and also causes destructive damage to the hepatocytes. This leads to the last stage of liver disease known as cirrhosis which can occur in prolonged alcoholic hepatitis, seen in 40% of cases [1][4] . Individuals suffering with alcoholic hepatitis have an increase in serum bilirubin due to the inability of the damaged liver to process it. Bilirubin is normally removed from the blood by the liver, processed by it and released into the bile [4][5]. They’ll also have prolonged prothrombin time which reflects decreased hepatic synthetic function [4][5]. A number of clotting factor proteins are produced in the liver so an increase in coagulation time suggests a decrease in these factors indicating dysfunction of the liver. Decreased serum albumin can be observed in cases of liver injury as this is the main protein produced in the liver. Thyroid tests can indicate liver dysfunction such as testing for T3- triiodothrynonine which appears decreased in individuals with alcoholic hepatitis and is proportional to the level of damage[6][4]. There is also a decrease in serum cholesterol level seen in this condition. In cases where excessive alcohol consumption is not the cause of hepatitis further testing should be done. Individuals can develop hepatitis due to drug use as currently 1000 drugs are seen to be hepatotoxic [7]. There must be a chronic correlation seen between when the medicine was first taken and the observation of hepatitis. There must also be a correlation between the removal of medication and the recession of the condition [4]. Other causes of hepatitis must also be tested for such as viral hepatitis. There are 5 subsets of viral hepatitis A, B, C, and the less common D and E forms. Hepatitis A is the most common form and is passed on by the faecal– oral route. It’s tested for by the presence of the anti-HAV IgM antibody which tests positive before the development of clinical hepatitis and remains positive for at least 4months. Hepatitis B is tested for by the presence of surface antigen HBsAg. Anti HBC total and Anti – HBC IgM is also tested for. A soluble protein HBeAg is produced by the virus in acute and early chronic stages of hepatitis B so positivity of this indicates infection. Hepatitis C infection has the presentation of Anti-HCV seen in 90% of individuals with this infection [7]. The possibility of autoimmune hepatitis can be ruled out by testing of HLA class II expression on the surface of the hepatocytes. There is also an increase seen in IgG antibody and a variety of other antibodies such as SLA/LP (anti soluble liver protein) [8]. References [1] Hopkins. J. Alcoholic liver disease – Introduction, gastroenterology and hepatology. Baltimore M.D 2010 [2] www.britishlivertrust.org . Accessed 28.11.10 [3 ]Drriad. Pathogenesis of hepatitis infection from chronic alcoholism, Figure 1. 2007 [4] www.hepatitis.org. Phillipe.L, Hepatogastroenterology department, Brugmann University Hospital Brussells Accessed 28.11.10 [5]http://www.gastro.com/Gastro/liverdisease/liver_function.aspx, Gardner. P.W and Waldstreicher.W, American Liver Foundation 1995 Accessed 28.11.10 [6] Borzio. M et al, Thyroid function tests in chronic liver disease: evidence for multiple abnormalities despite clinical euthyroidism. GUT Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, Vol 24(7), Jul 1983. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1420033/. Accessed 28/11/10 [7] http://www.oaml.com/PDF/CLP012.pdf. Guidelines for clinical laboratory practice, revised March 2000, Accessed 28.11.10 [8]Krawitt. E.L Autoimmune hepatitis: classification, heterogeneity, and treatment, January 1994. Am. J. Med. Vol 96 (1A): 23S–26S. How to cite Critical Study of Alcohol and Hepatocytes Cell Necrosis, Essay examples